Study the following lesson material carefully.
Newmark (1988b) mentions the difference between translation methods and translation procedures. He writes that, "[w]hile translation methods relate to whole texts, translation procedures are used for sentences and the smaller units of language" (p.81). He goes on to refer to the following methods of translation:
- Word-for-word translation: in which the SL word order is preserved and the words translated singly by their most common meanings, out of context. Example: Love at first sight (cinta pada pandangan pertama)
- Literal translation: in which the SL grammatical constructions are converted to their nearest TL equivalents, but the lexical words are again translated singly, out of context. Example: His hearth is in the right place.(Hatinya berada di tempat yang benar)
- Faithful translation: it attempts to produce the precise contextual meaning of the original within the constraints of the TL grammatical structures. Example: I have quite a few friends. (Saya mempunyai samasekali tidak banyak teman.)
- Semantic translation: which differs from 'faithful translation' only in as far as it must take more account of the aesthetic value of the SL text. Example: He is a book-worm.Dia (laki-laki) adalah seorang yang suka sekali membaca.
- Adaptation: which is the freest form of translation, and is used mainly for plays (comedies) and poetry; the themes, characters, plots are usually preserved, the SL culture is converted to the TL culture and the text is rewritten. Example: SL :hey, Jude
don’t make it bad Take a sad song and make it better
Remember to let her into your heart Then you can start
to make it better. (Hey Jude-The Beatles, 196)
TL :kasih, dimanakah mengapa kau tinggalkan aku Ingat-ingatlah kau padaku Janji setiamu tak kan lupa.
- Free translation: it produces the TL text without the style, form, or content of the original. Example: SL: The flowers in
the garden.
TL: Bunga-bunga yang tumbuh di kebun.
- Idiomatic translation: it reproduces the 'message' of the original but tends to distort nuances of meaning by preferring colloquialisms and idioms where these do not exist in the original. Example: I don't have my
eye on you = I don’t remember you
- Communicative translation: it attempts to render the exact contextual meaning of the original in such a way that both content and language are readily acceptable and comprehensible to the readership (1988b: 45-47). Example: Tsu : Beware of
the dog.
Tsa : Awas anjing galak.
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